Video browsing interfaces and applications: a review

We present a comprehensive review of the state of the art in video browsing and retrieval systems, with special emphasis on interfaces and applications. There has been a significant increase in activity (e.g., storage, retrieval, and sharing) employing video data in the past decade, both for personal and professional use. The ever-growing amount of video content available for human consumption and the inherent characteristics of video data—which, if presented in its raw format, is rather unwieldy and costly—have become driving forces for the development of more effective solutions to present video contents and allow rich user interaction. As a result, there are many contemporary research efforts toward developing better video browsing solutions, which we summarize. We review more than 40 different video browsing and retrieval interfaces and classify them into three groups: applications that use video-player-like interaction, video retrieval applications, and browsing solutions based on video surrogates. For each category, we present a summary of existing work, highlight the technical aspects of each solution, and compare them against each other

The Video Browser Showdown: a live evaluation of interactive video search tools

The Video Browser Showdown evaluates the performance of exploratory video search tools on a common data set in a common environment and in presence of the audience. The main goal of this competition is to enable researchers in the field of interactive video search to directly compare their tools at work. In this paper, we present results from the second Video Browser Showdown (VBS2013) and describe and evaluate the tools of all participating teams in detail. The evaluation results give insights on how exploratory video search tools are used and how they perform in direct comparison. Moreover, we compare the achieved performance to results from another user study where 16 participants employed a standard video player to complete the same tasks as performed in VBS2013. This comparison shows that the sophisticated tools enable better performance in general, but for some tasks common video players provide similar performance and could even outperform the expert tools. Our results highlight the need for further improvement of professional tools for interactive search in videos

Cks1 Is Required for Tumor Cell Proliferation but Not Sufficient to Induce Hematopoietic Malignancies

The Cks1 component of the SCFSkp2 complex is necessary for p27Kip1 ubiquitylation and degradation. Cks1 expression is elevated in various B cell malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma and multiple myeloma. We have previously shown that loss of Cks1 results in elevated p27Kip1 levels and delayed tumor development in a mouse model of Myc-induced B cell lymphoma. Surprisingly, loss of Skp2 in the same mouse model also resulted in elevated p27Kip1 levels but exhibited no impact on tumor onset. This raises the possibility that Cks1 could have other oncogenic activities than suppressing p27Kip1. To challenge this notion we have targeted overexpression of Cks1 to B cells using a conditional retroviral bone marrow transduction-transplantation system. Despite potent ectopic overexpression, Cks1 was unable to promote B cell hyperproliferation or B cell malignancies, indicating that Cks1 is not oncogenic when overexpressed in B cells. Since Skp2 overexpression can drive T-cell tumorigenesis or other cancers we also widened the quest for oncogenic activity of Cks1 by ubiquitously expressing Cks1 in hematopoetic progenitors. At variance with c-Myc overexpression, which caused acute myeloid leukemia, Cks1 overexpression did not induce myeloproliferation or leukemia. Therefore, despite being associated with a poor prognosis in various malignancies, sole Cks1 expression is insufficient to induce lymphoma or a myeloproliferative disease in vivo

Storyboard-Based Video Browsing Using Color and Concept Indices

We present an interface for interactive video browsing where users visually skim storyboard representations of the files in search for known items (known-item search tasks) and textually described subjects, objects, or events (ad-hoc search tasks). Individual segments of the video are represented as a color-sorted storyboard that can be addressed via a color-index. Our storyboard representation is optimized for quick visual inspections considering results from our ongoing research. In addition, a concept based-search is used to filter out parts of the storyboard containing the related concept(s), thus complementing the human-based visual inspection with a semantic, content-based annotation

Storyboard-Based Video Browsing Using Color and Concept Indices

We present an interface for interactive video browsing where users visually skim storyboard representations of the files in search for known items (known-item search tasks) and textually described subjects, objects, or events (ad-hoc search tasks). Individual segments of the video are represented as a color-sorted storyboard that can be addressed via a color-index. Our storyboard representation is optimized for quick visual inspections considering results from our ongoing research. In addition, a concept based-search is used to filter out parts of the storyboard containing the related concept(s), thus complementing the human-based visual inspection with a semantic, content-based annotation

Identification of paracrine neuroprotective candidate proteins by a functional assay-driven proteomics approach.

Glial cells support neuronal survival and function by secreting neurotrophic cytokines. Retinal Mueller glial cells (RMGs) support retinal neurons, especially photoreceptors. These highly light-sensitive sensory neurons receive vision, and their death results in blinding diseases. It has been proposed that RMGs release factors that support photoreceptor survival, but the nature of these factors remains to be elucidated. To discover such neurotrophic factors, we developed an integrated work flow toward systematic identification of neuroprotective proteins, which are, like most cytokines, expressed only in minute amounts. This strategy can be generally applied to identify secreted bioactive molecules from any body fluid once a recipient cell for this activity is known. Toward this goal we first isolated conditioned medium (CM) from primary porcine RMGs cultured in vitro and tested for survival-promoting activity using primary photoreceptors. We then developed a large scale, microplate-based cellular high content assay that allows rapid assessment of primary photoreceptor survival concomitant with biological activity in vitro. The enrichment strategy of bioactive proteins toward their identification consists of several fractionation steps combined with tests for biological function. Here we combined 1) size fractionation, 2) ion exchange chromatography, 3) reverse phase liquid chromatography, and 4) mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS/MS or MALDI MS/MS) for protein identification. As a result of this integrated work flow, the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins IGFBP5 and IGFBP7 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were identified as likely candidates. Cloning and stable expression of these three candidate factors in HEK293 cells produced conditioned medium enriched for either one of the factors. IGFBP5 and CTGF, but not IGFBP7, significantly increased photoreceptor survival when secreted from HEK293 cells and when added to the original RMG-CM. This indicates that the survival-promoting activity in RMG-CM is multifactorial with IGFBP5 and CTGF as an integral part of this activity